Positioned at the crossroads of Eastern and Southern Europe, Romania and Bulgaria have weathered the storm of Soviet policies and governance as satellite states within the Eastern Bloc—a past that once defined their global reputation. Before the Soviet era, these nations were dynamic hubs at the crossroads of Europe, with thriving trade networks and cultural influences that fostered the exchange of goods and ideas with the rest of the continent. Today, overcoming the political rigidity and economic challenges of the mid to late 20th century, Romania is establishing itself as the region’s competitive IT hub, and Bulgaria is rediscovering its cultural and intellectual heritage and natural assets through tourism and digital innovation.

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‍Debunking common misconceptions about Romania and Bulgaria

Beyond the clichés: discover the true perks of expat life in Southeastern Europe.

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Myth #1: Southeastern Europe is impoverished and unsafe, with crumbling infrastructure and no advanced technology.

Reality: Both Romania and Bulgaria have dynamic, emerging economies. While some areas are still developing, major cities and popular expat destinations offer well-maintained infrastructure and modern conveniences.

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Benefit: Current economic landscapes are fertile ground for international business ventures, with incentives for startups and emerging industries. Opportunities for hired professionals in various sectors are also growing. A high quality of life is more affordable for expats, with various destinations that combine old-world charm with contemporary urban life.

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Myth #2: The low cost of living in post-Soviet Europe equals poor quality of services and amenities, with unreliable educational and medical facilities.

Reality: Lower living costs in Romania and Bulgaria—from rent and utilities to healthcare, education, dining, and entertainment—equal a higher quality of life for individuals with earning potential. Modern hospitals and clinics increasingly meet international standards, with advanced healthcare available at a significantly lower cost compared to many Western countries. In major cities like Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Sofia, and Varna, international kindergartens and schools cater to expat families and locals seeking an international curriculum, often offering IB (International Baccalaureate), British, American, or German programs. Lifestyle sectors such as gastronomy and hospitality reportedly provide higher-quality and more client-oriented services than those in Northern and Western Europe.

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Benefit: Expats will notice the excellent value for money in both countries when it comes to housing, healthcare, primary and secondary education, dining, and leisure.

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NOTE: For an accurate and up-to-date prognosis of what your payroll will look like in Romania or Bulgaria, we recommend using a Payroll Cost Estimator tool.

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Myth #3: Regional cultures in Eastern Europe and the Balkans are extremely traditional and conservative, making it hard for foreigners to integrate.

Reality: Traditions indeed run deep, but present-day Romania and Bulgaria also have a progressive, cosmopolitan side that embraces multiculturalism and international influences. A growing community of young entrepreneurs, tech workers, and creative professionals from all over the world are turning these countries into vibrant focal points for innovation and diversity.

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Benefit: Growing and supportive expat networks help newcomers integrate socially and professionally, while centuries-old traditions, folklore (think Dracula’s legend in Romania), and vibrant festivals provide a unique and enriching cultural experience.

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What can an expat expect when living and working in Romania or Bulgaria?

Digital nomads, foreign entrepreneurs, and internationals looking for long-term residency favor Romania’s capital Bucharest along with major cities such as Cluj Napoca, Timișoara, Brasov, and Constanța. The country has a temperate continental climate and diverse geography with a mix of rolling hills, vast plains, and the dramatic Carpathian Mountains, with hot summers, cold winters, and vibrant autumns, making it familiar and appealing to those who enjoy distinct seasons. Bucharest is a bustling metropolis with a strong cosmopolitan vibe, while cities like Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara, known for their historical charm, specifically attract young professionals in tech and innovative industries. Along the Black Sea coast, Constanța offers a relaxed seaside lifestyle and is popular among those who prefer a mix of urban convenience and beachside living.

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As of late 2024, Romania has a flat 10% income tax rate, making it significantly more attractive than the progressive tax systems of many Western countries. However, residents are also required to contribute to social security, which funds healthcare, pensions, and unemployment benefits—aligning with the pan-European model of comprehensive state support, in contrast to the widely criticized U.S. system. Buying residential property is generally available, and EU citizens can purchase under the same conditions as locals.

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Bulgaria has a predominantly continental climate and a varied landscape, from the sandy beaches of the Black Sea to the scenic Balkan Mountains and the vast Thracian plains. Hot summers and snowy winters make it a comfortable and non-dramatic switch to newcomers from countries with similar climates, while coastal regions enjoy milder temperatures year-round. Sofia, the capital, combines a modern business hub with a laid-back atmosphere and rich urban greenery. Other popular destinations include Plovdiv and Varna with their mix of cultural heritage, vibrant gastronomy, and easy access to nature. According to first-person expat accounts, Bulgarians are friendly and hospitable, the local cuisine is delightful, apartments are spacious and affordably priced, and the widespread use of English, especially in tourist areas, makes daily life accessible for non-Bulgarian speakers.

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On the more pragmatic side, Bulgaria’s appeal lies in its flat 10% income tax rate (as of early 2025) for both residents and non-residents, including income from self-employment. The corporate tax rate is also a flat 10%. Mandatory social security and health insurance contributions apply to locals, EU nationals (unless they already pay these contributions in their home country), and non-EU nationals with a permanent residence permit in Bulgaria.

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I am considering relocation to Romania or Bulgaria as an expat. What are the visa requirements?

EU citizens can live and work in Romania and Bulgaria without a visa. They must register with local authorities if staying longer than 90 days, providing proof of employment, self-employment, or sufficient financial means. As for non-EU citizens, both countries offer various visa options for employees, entrepreneurs, and digital nomads.

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Common types of visas in Romania include:

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• Employment visa (types D/AP and D/AM). These types of visas require the prospective employer to secure work authorization on behalf of the employee before the visa application.
• Entrepreneur visa (type D/AE). Individuals aiming to start or manage a business in Romania can apply for a long-stay visa for commercial activities. Applicants must present a viable business plan and demonstrate sufficient financial resources to support their venture.
• Digital Nomad visa. Introduced in late 2021, this type of visa allows remote workers employed by companies registered outside Romania, or self-employed individuals, to reside in the country while performing their work duties remotely. Applicants must provide proof of employment or self-employment, along with evidence of sufficient income to sustain their stay.

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Bulgaria offers the following types of visas:

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• Employment visa. This type of visa permits long-term residence. Prior to this, the Bulgarian employer must obtain a work permit for the prospective employee.
• EU Blue Card. This path is suitable for individuals who are considered highly skilled employees, obtain jobs with local companies with a minimum of 1-year contract, and meet the salary requirements.
• Entrepreneur/startup visa. Entrepreneurs can apply for a Type D visa based on commercial activities. This requires registering a company in Bulgaria and demonstrating the financial capability to conduct business operations.
• Freelancer visa. While Bulgaria doesn't have a specific digital nomad visa, remote workers and freelancers can apply for a freelance permit, which involves obtaining a long-term Type D visa. Applicants must have at least 2 years of professional experience in their field and provide evidence of sufficient financial means.

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Are you interested in more specific and up-to-date information on visa requirements in Romania and Bulgaria? Would you like to find a faster, easier, and more cost-effective path to relocation? Let’s connect personally!

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To employers, we offer an EOR solution: we hire and manage teams in Romania or Bulgaria on your behalf without the need to establish a legal entity. For employees and remote workers, our Umbrella Company solution works best: we handle your employment, allowing you to live and pay taxes locally while working for a foreign employer.

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Our team has an in-depth understanding of the local landscape and is happy to provide you with detailed information. Book a meeting with our expert or submit a request form, and we’ll be in touch with you soon!